How do gravitational forces affect soil moisture?

Gravitational forces play a crucial role in the movement and retention of water in the soil. They primarily affect how water drains through the soil profile. When it rains or when water is applied to the soil, gravitational forces pull water downwards, allowing it to percolate through the soil layers. This process is essential in preventing soil from becoming oversaturated because excess water will drain away due to gravity.

Without the influence of gravity, water would remain at the surface or in the upper soil layers, potentially leading to waterlogging and oversaturation. Thus, gravitational forces help balance moisture levels in the soil, ensuring that it does not become too saturated, which can harm plant roots and negatively impact plant health.

The other options, while related to water and soil dynamics, do not directly address the role of gravitational forces in relation to preventing soil oversaturation. This distinction highlights why the correct answer focuses specifically on the drainage capabilities enabled by gravity.